The Riddle of the Buddhist Monk: A Buddhist monk begins at dawn one day walking up a mountain, reaches the top at sunset, meditates at the top overnight until, at dawn, he begins to walk back to the foot of the mountain, which he reaches at sunset. Make no assumptions about his starting or stopping or about his pace during the trips. Riddle: is there a place on the path that the monk occupies at the same hour of the day on the two trips? Click for the full answer.
Discourse with Confucius
on the occasion of the founding of the
Chinese Cognitive Linguistics Association
Nanjing, May, 2006
Benjamin W. Dreyfus, Ayush Gupta, Edward F. Redish. 2014.
"Applying Conceptual Blending to Model Coordinated Use of Multiple Ontological Metaphors." International Journal of Science Education.
"We we use Fauconnier and Turner's conceptual blending framework to demonstrate that experts and novices can successfully blend the substance and location ontologies into a coherent mental model in order to reason about energy. Our data come from classroom recordings of a physics professor teaching a physics course for the life sciences, and from an interview with an undergraduate student in that course. We analyze these data using predicate analysis and gesture analysis, looking at verbal utterances, gestures, and the interaction between them. This analysis yields evidence that the speakers are blending the substance and location ontologies into a single blended mental space."
The COINVENT Project, funded under the Future and Emerging Technologies programme within the European Commission’s 7th Framework Programme: "In COINVENT we aim to develop a computationally feasible, cognitively-inspired formal model of concept creation, drawing on Fauconnier and Turner's theory of conceptual blending, and grounding it on a sound mathematical theory of concepts." Further particulars.
Budelmann, Felix & Pauline LeVen. 2014. "Timotheus’ Poetics of Blending: A Cognitive Approach to the Language of the New Music."
Classical Philology, Vol. 109, No. 3 (July 2014), pp. 191-210. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/676284.
"We believe that an elegant and economical framework for capturing what we shall call Timotheus' poetics of blending . . . is provided by the theory of blending. . . . While rhetorical terms make it look as if the poet is deploying a whole toolkit of unconnected figures of speech, blending terminology brings out the coherence of his poetic program. Viewed as blends, the various images appear as instantiations of essentially the same mental process, which is repeated over and over again, each image reinforcing and developing the effect of those that went before. Blending provides a more economical way of describing Timotheus’ images, and one that does him more justice. Timotheus’ poetics is, systematically, one of blending."
Yang, Fanpei Gloria, Kailyn Bradley, Madiha Huq, Dai-lin Wu, Daniel C. Krawczyk. 2013. "Contextual effects on conceptual blending in metaphors: An event-related potential study." Journal of Neurolinguistics. 03/2013; 26(2):312-326. DOI:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2012.10.004. "The results suggest that the demands of conceptual reanalysis are associated with conceptual mapping and incongruity in both literal and metaphorical language, which supports the position of blending theory that there is a shared mechanism for both metaphoric and literal language comprehension."
Piata, Anna. 2013. "Conventionality and Creativity in the Conceptualization of Time in Modern Greek: Metaphors and Blends in Language and Literature." Ph.D. dissertation.
University of Athens.
Pagán Cánovas, C. & Teuscher, U. 2013. "Much more than money: Conceptual integration and the materialization of time in Michael Ende's Momo and the social sciences." Pragmatics & Cognition 20:3. 546-569. DOI: 10.1075/pc.20.3.05pag
Auchlin, Antoine. 2013. "Prosodic iconicity and experiential blending." In Hancil, Sylvie and Daniel Hirst (eds.), Prosody and Iconicity . Pages. 1–32. "In order to account for prosodic iconicity in speech in a very general way we propose looking at the phenomenon from an experiential and embodied perspective (Núñez 1999; Violi 2003; Rohrer 2007, i.a.), defining communication as a “co-experienciation” process. Using different paths, prosodic dimensions’ variations impose direct, non-mediated shaping of shared experience. Prosodic iconic formations take place in that space of shared experience. The way it mixes with meaning may be schematized using Fauconnier and Turner’s Conceptual Blending Theory. We suggest (following Hutchins 2005; Bache 2005) some accommodation of the schema in order to take into account the perceptual dimension of part of the blending input, as well as the experiential dimension of blending output."
Fan-Pei Gloria Yang, Kailyn Bradley, Madiha Huq, Dai-Lin Wu, Daniel C. Krawczyk. 2013. "Contextual effects on conceptual blending in metaphors: An event-related potential study." Journal of Neurolinguistics. Volume 26, Issue 2, March 2013, Pages 312–326. "The results suggest that the demands of conceptual reanalysis are associated with conceptual mapping and incongruity in both literal and metaphorical language, which supports the position of blending theory that there is a shared mechanism for both metaphoric and literal language comprehension."
Harbus, Antonina. 2012. Cognitive Approaches to Old English Poetry. D. S. Brewer. [Chapter 3 is called “Conceptual Blending.” “The creation and processing of metaphor is one instance of what has become known as 'conceptual blending.' . . . This theory is probably the most important concept to cross over from Cognitive Science to Literary Studies.”]
Pagán Cánovas, C. & Jensen, M. 2013. Anchoring Time-Space Mappings and their Emotions: The Timeline Blend in Poetic Metaphors. Language and Literature 22:1. 45-59. DOI: 10.1177/ 0963947012469751
Coulson, S. & Pagán Cánovas, C. 2013. Understanding Timelines: Conceptual Metaphor and Conceptual Integration. Journal of Cognitive Semiotics. 5(1-2). 198-219.
Johnson, Robert. "A Conceptual Integration Analysis of Multiple Instructional Metaphors." Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. "The researcher concluded not only that the conceptual integration model could be used as a guide to improve teaching practices; if the conceptual integration model could account more robustly or subtly for cognitive elements of teaching and learning, it also could be used to refine the language used in the creation and interpretation of assessments, leading to improved validity and reliability at any level of assessment, from teacher-developed classroom assessments to large-scale standardized assessments."
Harrell, D. Fox. In press. Phantasmal Media: An Approach to Imagination, Computation, and Expression. MIT Press. ["An argument that the expressive power of computational media relies on the construction of phantasms—blends of cultural ideas and sensory imagination."]
Barbara Dancygier. 2012. The Language of Stories: A Cognitive Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Winter, Steven. 2012. Frame Semantics and the 'Internal Point of View,' Current Legal Issues Colloquium: Law and Language (Michael Freeman & Fiona Smith eds.) Oxford University Press. [Frame blending in conceptions of the law.]
Worth, Aaron. “Arthur Machen and the Horrors of Deep History,” Victorian Literature and Culture / Volume 40 / Issue 01, pp 215 - 227. This essay uses blending theory to illuminate the emergence of such conceptual categories as prehistory, deep time, and what Daniel Lord Smail has termed “deep history.”
Delbecque, Nicole & Maldonado, Ricardo. 2011. Spanish ya: A conceptual pragmatic anchor.
Journal of Pragmatics 43 (2011) 73–98. ["The basic idea is that ya is a blend that instantiates a dynamic progression over a programmatic base."]
Thagard, Paul & Stewart, Terrence C. 2011. The AHA! Experience: Creativity Through Emergent Binding in Neural Networks. Cognitive Science 35, 1, 1-33. ["Our account of creativity as based on representation combination is similar to the idea of blending (conceptual integration) developed by Fauconnier and Turner (2002), which is modeled computationally by Pereira (2007). Our account differs in providing a neural mechanism for combining multimodal representations, including emotional reactions."]
Cook, Amy. 2010. Shakespearean Neuroplay: Reinvigorating the Study of Dramatic Texts and Performance through Cognitive Science. Palgrave Macmillan. ["rereads William Shakespeare's Hamlet using the cognitive linguistic theory of 'conceptual blending' to articulate a new methodology of interdisciplinary study."]
Dancygier, Barbara. 2009. "Genitives and proper names in constructional blends." In Evans, Vyvyan & Stéphanie Pourcel, editors, New Directions in Cognitive Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2009, pages 161-184.
Rubba, Johanna. 2009. "The dream as blend in David Lynch's Muholland Drive." In Evans, Vyvyan & Stéphanie Pourcel, editors, New Directions in Cognitive Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2009, pages 465-498.
Pascual, Esther. 2009. "'I was in that room!': Conceptual integration of content and context in a writer's vs. a prosecutor's description of a murder." In Evans, Vyvyan & Stéphanie Pourcel, editors, New Directions in Cognitive Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2009, pages 499-516.
Fauconnier, Gilles. 2009. "Generalized integration networks." In Evans, Vyvyan & Stéphanie Pourcel, editors, New Directions in Cognitive Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2009, pages 147-160.
Lundhaug, Hugo. 2007. Cognitive Poetics and Ancient Texts. "We may use the framework of Blending Theory to model any kind of interpretation, including the interpretation of texts, ancient and modern alike."
Nieuwland, Mante S. and Van Berkum, Jos J. A. 2006. When Peanuts Fall in Love: N400 Evidence for the Power of Discourse. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18, 7: 1098–1111. ["This process of projecting human properties (behavior, emotions, appearance) onto an inanimate object comes close to what has been called ‘conceptual blending,’ the ability to invent new concepts and to assemble new and dynamic mental patterns by ‘blending’ elements and vital relations from diverse scenarios (e.g., Fauconnier & Turner, 2002)."]
Copland, Sarah. 2008. "Reading in the Blend: Collaborative
Conceptual Blending in the Silent Traveller Narratives."
Narrative, volume 16, number 2, pages 140-162.
During the Upper Paleolithic, human beings developed an unprecedented
ability to innovate. They acquired a modern human imagination, which
gave them the ability to invent new concepts and to assemble new and
dynamic mental patterns. The results of this change were awesome: human
beings developed art, science, religion, culture, refined tool use,
and language. Our ancestors gained this superiority through the evolution
of the mental capacity for conceptual blending. Conceptual blending
has a fascinating dynamics and a crucial role in how we think and live.
It operates largely behind the scenes. Almost invisibly to consciousness,
it choreographs vast networks of conceptual meaning, yielding cognitive
products, which, at the conscious level, appear simple. Blending is
a process of conceptual mapping and integration that pervades human
thought. A mental space is a small conceptual packet assembled for purposes
of thought and action. A mental space network connects an array of mental
spaces. A conceptual integration network is a mental space network that
contains one or more "blended mental spaces." A blended mental
space is an integrated space that receives input projections from other
mental spaces in the network and develops emergent structure not available
from the inputs. Blending operates under a set of constitutive principles
and a set of governing principles. The theory of conceptual blending
has been applied in cognitive neuroscience, cognitive science, psychology,
linguistics, music theory, poetics, mathematics, divinity, semiotics,
theory of art, psychotherapy, artificial intelligence, political science,
discourse analysis, philosophy, anthropology, and the study of gesture
and of material culture.
Fauconnier and Turner. 2000. Amalgami:
Introduzione ai Network di integrazione concettuale. Urbino:
Quattroventi. [Italian version of "Conceptual Integration Networks."
Tr. Marco Casonato, Antonino Carcione, and Michele Procacci. A volume
in the series Neuroscienze cognitive e psicoterapia.]
Harbus, Antonina. 2012.Cognitive Approaches to Old English Poetry. D. S. Brewer. [Chapter 3 is called “Conceptual Blending.” “The creation and processing of metaphor is one instance of what has become known as 'conceptual blending'. . . . This theory is probably the most important concept to cross over from Cognitive Science to Literary Studies . . .”]
Harrell, D. Fox. In press. Phantasmal Media: An Approach to Imagination, Computation, and Expression. MIT Press. ["An argument that the expressive power of computational media relies on the construction of phantasms—blends of cultural ideas and sensory imagination."]
Coulson,
Seana. 1997. "Semantic Leaps: The role of frame-shifting and conceptual
blending in meaning construction." Ph.D. dissertation, UC San Diego.
Cámara, Pereira, Francisco. A
Computational Model of Creativity. Ph.D. thesis. (pdf). (From
the introduction to the thesis: "This is the first computational
approach to Conceptual Blending [Fauconnier and Turner] that includes
all the fundamental aspects of this framework.")
Desagulier, Guillaume. 2005. A Cognitive Model of Variation and Language
Change Based on an Examination of Some Emerging Constructions in Contemporary
English. Thèse de Doctorat. Université de Bordeaux 3.
Abstract.Dissertation.
Oakley, Todd . 1995. "Ghost-brother" [and related chapters] in
"Presence: the conceptual basis of rhetorical effect." Ph.D. dissertation,
University of Maryland. "Ghost-brother" was presented at the Fifth
International Conference on the Cognitive Science of Natural Language
Processing, Dublin, 1996.
Williams,
Robert. F. 2004.
Making meaning from a clock: Material artifacts and conceptual blending in time-telling instruction. UCSD Dissertation.
"Examines the image schemas, conceptual mappings, and blends
involved in time-telling and how these get constructed during time-telling
instruction, including the important role of gesture in mapping conceptual
elements to material anchors. Other chapters discuss the evolution
of time-telling and examine sources of error and changes in conceptual
understanding."
Blending and coded meaning: Literal and figurative meaning in cognitive
semantics.
Seana Coulson and Todd Oakley
Blending out of the background: Play, props and staging in the
material world. Chris Sinha.
Material anchors for conceptual blends.
Edwin Hutchins.
Mental spaces and cognitive semantics: A critical comment. Per Aage
Brandt
Primary metaphors as inputs to conceptual integration.
Joseph Grady.
Constraining conceptual integration theory: Levels of blending
and disintegration.
Carl Bache.
Blending and polarization: Cognition under pressure.
Peter Harder.
Conceptual disintegration and blending in interactional sequences:
A discussion of new phenomena, processes vs. products, and methodology.
Anders Hougaard.
Mimesis, artistic inspiration and the blends we live by.
Tim Rohrer.
Creating mathematical infinities: Metaphor, blending, and the beauty
of transfinite cardinals.
Rafael E. Núñez.
Brandt, Line & Per Aage Brandt. 2005. "Making sense of a
blend:A cognitive-semiotic approach to metaphor." Annual
Review of Cognitive Linguistics, 3, pp. 216-249.
Brandt, Line &
Per Aage Brandt. 2005. "Cognitive Poetics and Imagery."
European Journal of English Studies, volume 9, number,
pages 117-130.
Brandt,
Per Aage. In press. "Cats in Space." Acta Linguistica.
[Jakobson and Lévi-Strauss' structuralist reading of Baudelaire's
"Les Chats" is reconsidered in light of cognitive rhetoric and conceptual
blending theory.]
Bundgård, Peer
F. 1999. "Cognition and Eventstructure," Almen Semiotik 15:
78-106. [A review of conceptual integration theory.]
Burke, Michael. 2003. "Literature as Parable." In Cognitive
Poetics in Practice, eds. Gavins, J. & Steen G. London: Routledge,
pages 115-128.
Casonato, Marco M.. 2000. "Scolarette sexy: processi cognitivi
standard nella scena della perversione." Psicoterapia: clinica,
epistemologia, ricerca, 20-21, Spring. [An analysis of the role
of blending in sexual imagination and realized fantasy, including
but not restricted to "perverse" scenes.]
Casonato, Marco, Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner. "L’immaginazione
ed il cosiddetto 'conflitto' psichico." Annuario di Itinerari
Filosofici, volume 5 (Strutture dell'esperienza), number
3 (Mente, linguaggio, espressione). Milano: Mimesis, 2001.
Chen, Melinda. 2000.
"A Cognitive-Linguistic View of Linguistic (Human) Objectification."
A discussion of blends in objectifying human beings.
Collier, David and Stephen Levitsky. 1997. "Democracy with
Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research." World
Politics 49:3 (April), 430-451.
Copland, Sarah. 2008. "Reading in the Blend: Collaborative
Conceptual Blending in the Silent Traveller Narratives."
Narrative, volume 16, number 2, pages 140-162.
Coulson, Seana. 1995. "Analogic and metaphoric mapping in blended
spaces" Center for Research in Language Newsletter, 9,
1: 2-12.
Coulson, Seana. "Conceptual
Integration and Discourse Irony." Beyond Babel: 18th Annual Conference
of the Western Humanities Alliance. San Diego, October 1999.
Coulson, Seana and Van Petten, C. 2002. "Conceptual integration and metaphor: an event-related potential study." Memory and Cognition, 30 (6) (2002), pp. 958–968. "Consistent with conceptual blending theory, the results suggest that the demands of conceptual integration affect the difficulty of both literal and metaphorical language."
Csabi, Szilvia. 1997. "The Concept of America in the Puritan
Mind." Paper to be presented at the 5th Conference of the International
Cognitive Linguistics Association, Amsterdam, July 14-19, 1997.
Delbecque, Nicole & Maldonado, Ricardo. 2011. Spanish ya: A conceptual pragmatic anchor.
Journal of Pragmatics 43 (2011) 73–98. ["The basic idea is that ya is a blend that instantiates a dynamic progression over a programmatic base."]
Dudis, Paul, G. 2004. Body partitioning and real-space blends. Cognitive Linguistics 15:2, 223- 238.
Evans, Vyvyan. (Website) 1999. "The Cognitive Model
for Time." Beyond Babel: 18th Annual Conference of the Western Humanities
Alliance. San Diego, October.
Fauconnier, Gilles. 2001. "Conceptual blending and analogy."
In Gentner, Dedre, Keith Holyoak, and Boicho Kokinov, editors. 2001.
The analogical mind: Perspectives from cognitive science.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Pages 255-286.
Fauconnier, Gilles.
2000. "Methods and Generalizations." In T. Janssen and G. Redeker,
editors, Cognitive Linguistics: Foundations, Scope, and Methodology.
The Hague: Mouton De Gruyter. Pages 95-127. [Cognitive Linguistics
Research Series]
Fauconnier, Gilles.
2000. "Conceptual Integration and Analogy." In Gentner, D., Holyoak,
K. J., & Kokinov, B. N., editors, The analogical mind: Perspectives
from cognitive science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Fauconnier and Turner.
1996. "Blending as a Central Process of Grammar" in Conceptual
Structure, Discourse, and Language. Edited by Adele Goldberg.
Stanford: Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI),
113-130 [distributed by Cambridge University Press]. Expanded CSN version.. [A Polish translation appears in Jezykoznawstwo
kognitywne II: Zjawiska pragmatyczne (Cognitive Linguistics
II: Pragmatic Phenomena). Edited by Wojciech Kubinski and Danuta
Stanulewicz. Gdansk, Poland: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdanskiego
(University of Gdansk Press), 2000.]
Fauconnier and Turner.
1998. "Principles of Conceptual Integration." Discourse and
Cognition. Edited by Jean-Pierre Koenig. Stanford: Center for
the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), 269-283 [distributed
by Cambridge University Press].
Fauconnier and Turner.
1999.
"Metonymy and Conceptual Integration." In Metonymy in Language
and Thought. Edited by Klaus-Uwe Panther and Günter Radden.
Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Pages 77-90. [A volume in the series
Human Cognitive Processing].
Fauconnier and Turner. 2003.
"Polysemy and Conceptual Blending." In Polysemy: Flexible
Patterns of Meaning in Mind and Language. Edited by Brigitte
Nerlich, Vimala Herman, Zazie Todd, and David Clarke. John Benjamins.
Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pages 79-94. A volume
in the series Trends in Linguistics.
Fauconnier and Turner.
"Compression and Global Insight." Cognitive Linguistics.
11:3-4 (2000). Pages 283-304
Fludernik, Monika,
Donald Freeman, and Margaret Freeman. 1999. "Metaphor and Beyond:
An Introduction." Poetics Today. 20:3, 383-396.
Forceville, Charles.
"Blends and metaphors in multimodal representations." 7th International
Cognitive Linguistics Conference, July 2001.
Freeman, Donald. 1999.
"'Speak of me as I am': The Blended Space of Shakespeare's Othello."
Beyond Babel: 18th Annual Conference of the Western Humanities Alliance.
San Diego, October.
Freeman, Margaret.
2008. “Reading Readers Reading a Poem: From Conceptual to
Cognitive Integration.” Cognitive
Semiotics, 2.
Freeman, Margaret. 1997. "Grounded spaces: Deictic -self anaphors
in the poetry of Emily Dickinson," Language and Literature,
6:1, 7-28. [Contains a blended space analysis of Dickinson's "Me
from Myself - to banish -"]
Freeman, Margaret.
1999. "Sound Echoing Sense: The Evocation of Emotion through Sound
in Conceptual Mapping Integration of Cognitive Processes." Beyond
Babel: 18th Annual Conference of the Western Humanities Alliance.
Sixth International Cognitive Linguistics Conference. San Diego,
October.
Goguen,
Joseph. 1999. "An Introduction to Algebraic Semiotics, with Application
to User Interface Design." In Computation
for Metaphor, Analogy, and Agents. Edited by Chrystopher
Nehaniv. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pages 242-291. A volume in the
series Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence. ["This paper
introduces a new approach to user interface design and other areas,
called algebraic semiotics. . . . One important mode of composition
is blending . . .; we relate this to certain concepts from
the very abstract area of mathematics called category theory."]
- "Style as Choice of Blending Principles," by Joseph
Goguen and Fox Harrell.
- "Foundations for Active Multimedia Narrative: Semiotic spaces
and structural blending," by Joseph Goguen and Fox Harrell.
- "Steps towards a Design Theory for Virtual Worlds,"
by Joseph Goguen.
- "Semiotic Morphisms, Representations, and Blending for User
Interface Design," by Joseph Goguen..
- "Information Visualization and Semiotic Morphisms,"
by Joseph Goguen and Fox Harrell.
- "An Introduction to Algebraic Semiotics, with Applications
to User Interface Design," by Joseph Goguen.
Grady, Joseph., Todd
Oakley, and Seana Coulson. 1999. "Conceptual
Blending and Metaphor." In Metaphor in cognitive linguistics,
edited by Steen, G., & Gibbs, R. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John
Benjamins.
Gréa, M. Philippe. "La théorie de l’intégration
conceptuelle appliquée à la métaphore et la
métaphore filée." Dissertation.
Grush, Rick and Nili
Mandelblit. 1997. "Blending in language, conceptual structure, and
the cerebral cortex." pdf
version.The Roman Jakobson Centennial Symposium: International
Journal of Linguistics Acta Linguistica Hafniensia Volume 29:221-237.
Per Aage Brandt, Frans Gregersen, Frederik Stjernfelt, and Martin
Skov, editors. C.A. Reitzel: Copenhagen.
Grygiel, Marcin. 2004. “Semantic
change as a process of conceptual blending.” In F. J.
Ruiz de Mendoza, editor, Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics
2, 285-304, Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benja.mins Publishing Company.
Hart, F. Elizabeth. 2006. "The View of Where We've Been and Where We'd Like to Go." College Literature 33.1. 225-37. [“Fauconnier and Turner's theory of cognitive blending will be the aspect of cognitive linguistics that has the most lasting impact on literary studies.”]
Hart, F. Elizabeth. 2006. “The View of Where We've Been and Where We'd Like to Go.” College Literature 33.1 (2006), 225-37. [“Fauconnier and Turner's theory of conceptual blending will be the aspect of cognitive linguistics that has the most lasting impact on literary studies.”]
Herman, Vimala . 1999. "Deictic Projection and Conceptual Blending
in Epistolarity." Poetics Today. 20:3, 523-542.
Hiles, John. 2003.
"Integrated Asymmetric Goal Organization (IAGO): A Multiagent Model
of Conceptual Blending." White Paper, Naval Postgraduate School.
Hiraga, Masako . 1999. "Blending and an interpretation of Haiku."
Poetics Today. 20:3, 461-482.
Hiraga, Masako. 1999.
"Rough Sea and the Milky Way: 'Blending' in a Haiku Text."
In Computation for Metaphor, Analogy, and Agents. Edited
by Chrystopher Nehaniv. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pages 27-36. A
volume in the series Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.
Hofstadter, Douglas .1999. "Human Cognition as a Blur of Analogy
and Blending." Beyond Babel: 18th Annual Conference of the Western
Humanities Alliance. San Diego, October. [Hofstadter discusses frame
blends and "frame blurs" in Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies
and Le Ton beau de Marot, both published by Basic Books.
Douglas Hofstadter and David Moser analyze formal blending in "To
Err is Human: To Study Error-Making is Cognitive Science." Michigan
Quarterly Review, 28:2 (Spring 1989) 185-215. Hofstadter deals
in some detail with these topics in unpublished manuscripts.]
Holder, Barbara and
Seana Coulson. 2000. "Hints on How to Drink from a Fire Hose: Conceptual
Blending in the Wild Blue Yonder." Fifth Conference on Conceptual
Structure, Discourse, and Language. Santa Barbara, May 11-14.
Howell, Tes. (2007) "Two Cognitive Approaches to Humorous Narratives." in New Approaches to the Linguistics of Humor. Diana Popa and Salvatore Attardo, eds. Galati: Editura Academica.
Kim, Esther. 2000.
"Analogy as Discourse Process." Includes discussion of blending
in discourse.
Krauss, Kristin. 2005. "Tacit Design Issues Regarding the Use
of Visual Aesthetics for Web Page Design." Alternation
12, 2, pages 92-131. ["conceptual blending explains how multi-disciplinary
projects such as web page design take shape"]
Lakoff, George and
Rafael E. Núñez. 1997. "The Metaphorical Structure
of Mathematics: Sketching Out Cognitive Foundations For a Mind-Based
Mathematics." In Lyn English, editor, Mathematical Reasoning:
Analogies,Metaphors, and Images. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Analyzes
blending in the invention of various mathematical structures.
Lee, Mark and John
Barnden. 2000. "Metaphor, Pretence, and Counterfactuals." Includes
discussion of blending in counterfactuals. Fifth Conference on Conceptual
Structure, Discourse, and Language. Santa Barbara, May 11-14.
Liddell, Scott K.
1998. "Grounded blends, gestures, and conceptual shifts." Cognitive
Linguistics, 9.
Liddell, Scott K. 2000. Blended spaces and deixis in sign language
discourse. In David McNeill, editor, Language and gesture.
Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 331-357.
Maglio, Paul P. and
Teenie Matlock. 1999. "The Conceptual Structure of Information Space"
in Munro, A., Benyon, D., and Hook, K., editors, Personal and
Social Navigation of Information Space. Springer-Verlag. [Includes
a section, "Conceptual Blends in Information Space."]
Mandelblit, Nili.
1996. "Formal and Conceptual Blending in the Hebrew Verbal System:
A Cognitive Basis For Morphological Verbal Pattern Alternations."
Unpublished manuscript.
Mandelblit, Nili.
1995. "Beyond Lexical Semantics: Mapping and Blending of Conceptual
and Linguistic Structures in Machine Translation." In Proceedings
of the Fourth International Conference on the Cognitive Science
of Natural Language Processing, Dublin, 1995.
Mandelblit, Nili &
Gilles Fauconnier. 2000. "Underspecificity in Grammatical Blends
as a Source for Constructional Ambiguity." In A. Foolen and F. van
der Leek, editors, Constructions. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Olive, Esther Pascual.
"Why bother to ask rhetorical questions (if they are already answered)?:
A conceptual blending account of argumentation in legal settings."
7th International Cognitive Linguistics Conference, July 2001.
Parrill, Fey & Eve Sweetser. 2004. What we mean by meaning.
Gesture 4:2, 197-219.
Ramey, Lauri. 2002. "The
Theology of the Lyric Tradition in African American Spirituals."
Journal of the American Academy of Religion 70:2 (Oxford
University Press, June 2002), 347-363. This article demonstrates
how the slaves were able to achieve a high level of conceptual freedom
and spiritual self-determination in the spirituals as a liberating
response to the constraints of their existence through the use of
creative blends.
Ramey, Lauri. 2005. "'It Noh Funny': Humor in Contemporary
Black British Poetry." MLA (Washington, D.C.) To bepublished
in Dictionary of Literary Biography: Contemporary Black British
Writers, ed. R. Victoria Arana (Bruccoli, Clark, Layman Publishers,
2007).
Ramey, Lauri. 1996. "The Poetics of Resistance: A Critical Introduction
to Michael Palmer." University of Chicago, Ph.D. dissertation. [See
especially chapter four.]
Ramey, Lauri. 1998. "'His Story's Impossible to Read': Creative
Blends in Michael Palmer's Books Against Understanding." Twentieth
Century Literature Conference. University of Louisville. Louisville,
Kentucky, February 1998.
Ramey, Lauri. 1997. "A Film Is/Is Not A Novel: Blended Spaces
in Sense and Sensibility." Popular Culture Association/American
Culture Association in the South Conference. Columbia, South Carolina,
October 1997.
Ramey, Lauri. 1997. "What n'er was Thought and cannot be Expres't:
Michael Palmer and Postmodern Allusion." Ninth Annual Conference
on Linguistics and Literature, University of North Texas, Denton,
February 1997.
Ramey, Lauri. 1995. "Blended Spaces in Thurber and Welty."
Marian College Humanities Series, Marian, Wisconsin, February 1995.
Ramey, Martin . 1997. "Eschatology and Ethics," chapter four
of "The Problem Of The Body: The Conflict Between Soteriology and
Ethics In Paul." Doctoral dissertation, Chicago Theological Seminary.
Contains a discussion of blending in 1 Thessalonians.
Récanati, François . "Le présent épistolaire:
une perspective cognitive." L'information grammaticale, 66,
juin 1995, 38-45. Récanati applies the earliest work on blended
spaces to problems of tense. He translates "blended space" as "espace
mixte."
Robert, Adrian . 1998. "Blending in the interpretation of mathematical
proofs." Discourse and Cognition.. Edited by Jean-Pierre
Koenig. Stanford: Center for the Study of Language and Information
(CSLI) [distributed by Cambridge University Press].
Sondergaard, Morten . "Blended Spaces in Contemporary Art."
Beyond Babel: 18th Annual Conference of the Western Humanities Alliance.
San Diego, October 1999.
Sun, Douglas . 1994. "Thurber's Fables for our Time: A Case
Study in Satirical Use of the Great Chain Metaphor." Studies
in American Humor, new series volume 3, number 1 (1994), pages
51-61.
Sweetser, Eve. 2006. Whose
Rhyme is Whose Reason? Sound and Sense in Cyrano de Bergerac.
Language and Literature 15(1): 29-54.
Sweetser, Eve. 1999.
"Compositionality and blending: semantic composition in a cognitively
realistic framework" in Janssen, Theo and Gisela Redeker, editors.
Cognitive Linguistics: Foundations, Scope, and Methodology.
Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pages 129-162.
Sweetser, Eve and
Barbara Dancygier. "Semantic overlap and space-blending." Sixth
International Cognitive Linguistics Conference. Stockholm, July
1999.
Tenuta de Azevedo, Adriana Maria. 2006. Estrutura Narrativa
& Espaços Mentais. Belo Horizonte: Faculdade de
Letras da UFMG.
Teuscher, Christof.
Amorphous Membrane Blending: Novel and unconventional biologically-inspired
computing machines. Ph.D. dissertation, Logic Systems Laboratory,
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. 2003.
Thagard, Paul & Stewart, Terrence C. 2011. The AHA! Experience: Creativity Through Emergent Binding in Neural Networks. Cognitive Science 35, 1, 1-33. ["Our account of creativity as based on representation combination is similar to the idea of blending (conceptual integration) developed by Fauconnier and Turner (2002), which is modeled computationally by Pereira (2007). Our account differs in providing a neural mechanism for combining multimodal representations, including emotional reactions."]
Tobin, Vera. "Texts that pretend to be talk: Frame-shifting and
frame-blending across frames of utterance in Mystery Science Theater
3000." 7th International Cognitive Linguistics Conference, July
2001.
Turner,
Mark. 2008. "Frame Blending." In Frames,
Corpora, and Knowledge Representation, edited by Rema Rossini
Favretti. Bologna: Bononia University Press. 13-32. CSN version.
Turner, Mark. 2007. "Conceptual Integration" in The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics. Edited by Dirk Geeraerts
and Hubert Cuyckens. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Turner, Mark . 1996. "Conceptual Blending and Counterfactual
Argument in the Social and Behavioral Sciences," in Philip Tetlock
and Aaron Belkin, editors, Counterfactual Thought Experiments in World Politics.
Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. pages 291-295.
Turner, Mark and Gilles
Fauconnier . 1999. "A Mechanism
of Creativity." Poetics Today. Volume 20, number 3, pages
397-418. Reprinted as "Life on Mars: Language and the Instruments
of Invention." In The
Workings of Language, edited by Rebecca Wheeler. Praeger,
1999. Pages 181-200. CSN version.
Turner and Fauconnier.
1999. "Miscele e metafore." Pluriverso: Biblioteca delle idee
per la civiltà planetaria 3:3 (September 1999), 92-106.
[Translation by Anna Maria Thornton.]
Turner and Fauconnier.
1998. "Conceptual Integration in counterfactuals." Discourse
and Cognition. Edited by Jean-Pierre Koenig. Stanford: Center
for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), 285-296 [distributed
by Cambridge University Press].
Turner and Fauconnier.
2000. "Metaphor, Metonymy, and Binding."
In Metonymy and Metaphor at the Crossroads. Edited by Antonio
Barcelona. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Pages 133-145.
A volume in the series Topics in English Linguistics.
Veale, Tony. 1999.
"Pragmatic Forces in Metaphor Use: The Mechanics of Blend Recruitment
in Visual Metaphors." In Computation
for Metaphor, Analogy, and Agents. Edited by Chrystopher
Nehaniv. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pages 37-51. A volume in the series
Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.
Veale, Tony . 1996 manuscript.
Pastiche: A Metaphor-centred Computational Model of Conceptual
Blending, with special reference to Cinematic Borrowing.
Vorobyova, Olga. "Conceptual
blending in narrative suspense: Making the pain of anxiety sweet."
7th International Cognitive Linguistics Conference, July 2001.
There is also work
in progress on blending in ASL (Scott Liddell), blending with material
anchors (Ed Hutchins), and blending in impersonal SE constructions
(Ricardo Maldonado). Joseph
Goguen and his students have devised an interesting mathematical
approach to integration operations, using algebra of categories
(See The Semiotic
Zoo), and there is some modeling being done (ICSI, and Nanterre).
The Metaphor Center provides other papers on blending, including
Ed Heil's thesis on blending in Ovid and
Tim Rohrer 's work on blending and the information superhighway.
Oakley, Todd & Anders Hougaard, editors. 2008. 
Turner,
Mark. 2008. "Frame Blending." In Frames,
Corpora, and Knowledge Representation, edited by Rema Rossini
Favretti. Bologna: Bononia University Press. 13-32. 
Turner,
Mark. 2008. "The Way We Imagine." In Ilona Roth, editor,